Shoemaker Fiction and Shoes free essay sample

History and Song Essay

Astounding Grace is one of the most powerful tune that was ever composed whose intrigue goes past its strict causes to envelop the human battle and has developed along with history. The melody depends on I Chronicles 17:16 on the expressions of the Hebrew King David in regards to his marvel at the choice of his home with God’s favor. Despite the fact that there are critical religious substance the tune, its center subjects of redemption and courage have stretched out its intrigue to the military, opportunity developments, and social equity. The verses of the melody are ascribed to John Newton, a previous slave merchant who in the long run turned into a clergyman in the United Kingdom in the eighteenth century. As indicated by Newton’s accounts, he composed the tune during a rough tempest adrift, he advertantly shouted out â€Å"Lord, show kindness upon us† (Rogers). Upon reflection later on in his lodge Newton, who scarcely thought about religion, reflected upon the scene and acknowledged how confidence can be a center in a person without that individual monitoring it by any stretch of the imagination. It turned into a well known psalm in Newton’s lecturing work however was just distributed as Amazing Grace in a 1831 hymn book called Virginia Harmony (â€Å"Amazing Grace†). It had been remembered for the Olney Hymns utilized by Newton however had different titles given to it assuming any (Rogers). There were a few tunes utilized for the song before it became advanced in the tune we know today. Some hypothesis in regards to the first tune for the songs have ascribed it to African slave drones which Newton may have been acquainted with due to his history with the slave exchange. Others have refered to that its pentatonic meter proposes that it might have had a song played with bagpipes or Celtic music (â€Å"Amazing Grace†). There is likewise some proposal that the advanced form of the tune of the melody, especially in its emotional characteristics, can be followed back in the Cherokee adjustment of the tune during the Native American expulsion (â€Å"Words to Amazing Grace†). The brutal trek toward the West permitted little open door for them to follow customary internment rights and the tune was utilized rather in view of its shared trait with Native American religious philosophies on death (â€Å"Trail of Tears†). The melody has had a few forms and has even become piece of well known music with specialists, for example, Judy Collins giving their own translation of the tune. The tune is frequently performed with one instrument or one sort of instruments. The most mainstream versions have been with wind instruments especially trumpet, horns, woodwind and the bagpipe. The instruments may have been picked in view of the ethereal nature of the song and its message. Most execution of the tune by and large beginnings with a light tune that develops in quality and shading as the tune advances. In the UK, the tune is regularly played on bagpipes for military salutes that additionally has been adjusted in America especially for the individuals who have Celtic parentage (Rogers). The utilization of the bagpipes in any case, is really an ongoing pattern and was promoted through the 1969 film Alice’s Restaurant by Arthur Penn which thus permitted it to figure in the counter culture issues. (â€Å"Amazing Grace†). During the American Civil War, the melody was both utilized for military right by Union and confederate officers. The song’s fame at that point depended on its help of the Protestant philosophy of â€Å"divine grace†. Numerous American presidents additionally The distinguishing proof of the melody with opportunity and social equity started with its reception as the Cherokee National Anthem to honor the Trail of Tears during the Native American evacuation. The tune turned out to be likewise well known during both World Wars when unified warriors with sing the melody during the administrations for fallen fighters. The ubiquity of the tune during the sixties as social equity developments created from their establishments in gospel developments. From being a melody for memoriam, the utilization became to feature the experiencing social foul play and turned out to be especially mainstream with the Black Power Movement. Like the Native American utilization of the tune, many dark strengthening developments utilized the tune as a topical portrayal of the issues concerning social rights and correspondence. It was utilized both to communicate the inspirations of the development just as give its good and strict premise. Some additionally ascribe its criticalness to the Black Power Movement due to the relationship to the African Slave Trade through Newton and his resulting abolitionist stands (â€Å"Amazing Grace†) The melody can be required to proceed in its ubiquity as a result of its widespread subjects. The understanding of the tune ranges from liberation to self-acknowledgment. These parts permitted it to be received into dynamic activity just as in reverential settings. The tune has profound sense on edification which is the explanation it got famous with social developments. The line, â€Å"Was daze, however now, I see† is a well known subject in numerous human rights discourses that called fro social activity and change. The melody more than once demonstrates a polarity to how which influences an individual. In saying that, â€Å"T’was Grace that showed my heart to fear. What's more, Grace, my feelings of trepidation relieved,† the melody is has a message that it is in perceiving our apprehensions that one is genuinely conveyed from them. In this way, it had an intrigue to the military, the persecuted and the underestimated for the undertone of valor and boldness. The song’s long fame and different uses authenticate its capacity to resound center human wants fro opportunity, salvation and equity. The song’s most prominent importance lies not in its strict viewpoints however in its faith in the triumph of the human soul. Works Cited â€Å"Amazing Grace†. Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia.14 March 2007. 15 March 2007. <http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Amazing_Grace> â€Å"Amazing Grace Lyrics†. Gospel Hut. 14 June 2006. 15 March 2007. <http://www. gospelhut. com/astonishing elegance lyrics> â€Å"Trail of Tears†. Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. 13 March 2007. 15 March 2007. <http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Trail_of_tears> Rogers, Al. Astonishing Grace: The Story of John Newton. 1996. 15 March 2007. <http://www. anointedlinks. com/amazing_grace. html> â€Å"Words to Amazing Grace†. Littleleaf. 14 March 2007. 15 March 2007. http://www. littleleaf. com/amazinggrace. htm

How to Prepare (and Recover) From Summer Storms for Less!

How to Prepare (and Recover) From Summer Storms for Less! How to Prepare (and Recover) From Summer Storms for Less! How to Prepare (and Recover) From Summer Storms for Less!Its basic science: Summer is the best.Between the longer days, the warmer weather, the sunshine and the liberal usage of tiny drink umbrellas, there just isnt a better season. But with all that warm air and spring moisture still hanging around, its also a recipe for summer storms.If youre earning a low-income, then you probably want to use your paychecks on something other than home and car repair this summer. So lets help you out with some expert advice on how to prepare for (and recover from) a summer storm.We talked to our favorite home, utility and financial experts to get some inside information on storm preparedness. So if you get some storm damage this season, dont turn to a payday or dangerous bad credit loan, just follow these tips instead!Before the Storm:The weatherman says a storm, tornado or hurricane is hitting your area  in the next 24â€"72 hours? What do you do?Our friend Matt Stock, President of US Waterproofin g, says:Even if your homes has no history of issues, heavy rains take a toll. Some frequently overseen preventative measures homeowners can quickly implement to avoid issues include:Check for clogged or blocked gutters.Check for oversaturated soil around the foundation of your home.Clean your window wells to make sure the drain doesn’t clog.Make sure window wells are properly sealed shut.Extend downspouts at least six to 10 feet away from your foundation.Everything has an expirationâ€"including sump pumps. Check them yearly.Most sump pumps only last fiveâ€"ten years.Follow your nose: Mold and mildew odors may be the result of a foundation leak. Wet conditions + Basement leak = mold. It doesn’t take much: a little moisture, air, and darkness. That’s all it takes for mold to take root and spread like a wildfire. If this happens, seek a free estimate.The plumbing and drain cleaning specialist at  Mr. Rooter Plumbing  offer these preventative measures:Locate your emergency water s hut-off valve and remove any shrubbery or obstructions. This valve may be located in the basement, crawl space or adjacent to the water heater. Test the water shut-off valve to be  sure that it is operational. If the shut-off valve is not operational, have it repaired or replaced.Turn off the emergency water shut-off valve if you are leaving your residence prior to a storm. This will help minimize damage to your  homes interior should a pipe burst inside your home. If you turn off the emergency shut-off valve, follow the manufacturers recommendations on turning off the electric for your tank-type. This is done through your main electric panel.If you have a natural gas or LP/Propane Gas  tank-type water heater, follow the manufacturers recommendations on turning off the  emergency gas shut-off valve to disable the gas supply. Some water heaters may be damaged if the water supply is turned off for an extended period of time.Locate your sewer clean-out lid and remove any shrubbery or o bstruction in case the clean-out needs to be located.Home and business window repair specialists Glass Doctor  recommend the following:High-impact glass is the most effective way to protect your windows and doors without affecting your homes curb appeal; however, a less expensive option is to cover your existing windows with a clear plastic hurricane film. This helps prevent glass from shattering when impacted by flying debris. Another option is installing storm windows and doors. This type of glass protection involves installing a second window or door over the existing one. This is a good option if you cant afford to replace your windows with high-impact glass, but you want more protection than hurricane film can offer.If you dont have high-impact glass, hurricane film or storm shutters, you can call an emergency board-up company to cover the outside of your windows and glass doors with plywood when a storm is approaching. Then if debris goes flying, the glass is safe. While it’ s certainly not an aesthetically pleasing method of protecting your windows, it’s cheaper than replacing broken glass.If you prefer to board up the windows yourself, you can follow these step-by-step directions  (also called out below).Take window measurements:  Using a tape measure, measure out the height and width of your window. For height, measure the window from top to bottom and subtract ¼ inch from this number. For width, measure the distance from one side of the window to the next, and again subtract ¼ inch from it. Make sure to label your measurements (eg. master bedroom) so that you will know exactly to which windows your measurements apply.Cover with Plywood:  Purchase 1/2-inch thick plywood for each window. This is where your measurements come in handy. Use the measurements to approximate the dimensions of the plywood youll need. Always make sure the plywood you purchase complies with any state inspection standards. Once you have the plywood in hand, youre ready to s tart boarding up your windows on the exterior side of your house. Place the plywood over your window; it should cover your window adequately.Secure with Steel Clips:  Secure the plywood into place by using carbon steel clips, which fastens the plywood inside your window casing. Carbon steel clips are available at any hardware store and take less time than drilling holes and securing the plywood with nails and screws. Clips give you a snug, solid fit and allow you to take down the plywood for storage and reuse later. The most popular brand of steel clips is Plylox. Simply cover the window with plywood, and then clip the plywood into the window casing. For windows that are 2424 inches or smaller, only two steel clips are necessary.But what about the risk of electrical surges, fires, and outages?  Mr. Appliance  has you covered:Install  a surge protector in your electrical panel that can protect your home’s appliances. This is a device intended to help protect electrical devices from voltage spikes caused by surges. These come in two main types:A box that plugs directly into a wall receptacleA strip with a power cord and multiple plug-in outlets. Using one of these devices is the most efficient option, and is more practical than trying to manually unplug all of your appliances ahead of the storm. Unplugging your appliances 24 to 72 hour in advance is not practical for all appliances, as the food in your refrigerator will likely spoil, and your frozen foods will thaw. In addition, dishwashers and ovens are often directly wired to the electrical supply, so a consumer may not be able to ‘unplug’ those devices.The folks at Rainbow International  offer these final storm preparedness tipsCheck doors, windows, and walls, such as areas where cables and pipes enter, for openings that could allow water to penetrate.Trim back any branches touching your home. If they rub your roof, they could pull parts of it off in a storm. Keep trees well pruned to allow wind to pass through with minimal damage and debris. Consider re-grading around trees to strengthen the ground and give roots something to cling to.Clear clutter and get rid of items you are no longer using, which can turn into projectiles. Bring lightweight outdoor items such as patio furniture, plants, toys, and trash cans inside.So thats protecting your home. But what if you have a small business? Maxime Rieman of CoverWallet, a small business insurance provider, has your, well, wallet covered.For small business owners, one of the simplest ways to get ahead of the potential costs associated with a storm is through appropriate insurance. There are a few key coverages to consider. Commercial property and business interruption policies provide coverage for the costs of damages associated with a storm, and will help you to cover costs such as lost income and relocation should you be impacted. A business owners policy actually combines these coverages, plus general liability protection, into a si ngle package. However, you need to understand that insurance comes with certain exclusions, and will often not cover earthquakes, floods or loss of electricity. If these are potential causes of loss for your business, generally dependent on if theyre common risks for your location, youll want to ask about a rider or additional coverage.Bill Begal of Begal Enterprises also has some interesting, business-specific, storm preparedness advice:What suppliers are used regularly? How they will or will they not be able to service your needs to keep you in business.  Take the time now to set up alternative contacts and sources to keep your pipeline full.Where are the digital media, licenses and backups kept?  If kept on site in a fire proof safe, they may not be safe.   The fire proof safe will be rated to keep items inside safe from fire, even up to an hour, but not necessarily protect those items from heat. You need a media cooler. Think of Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, paper self-combu sts once it reaches 451 degrees. If your vital documents, software licenses, CDs or thumb drives with important information are in a media cooler, in a fire proof safe, then you will be taking proper measure to truly protect yourself.Use off-site alternative office space. Some of my clients have back up and emergency space 40ndash60 miles from their current offices. It is an additional cost, but some feel it is worth while “just in case.”  At the “flip of a switch” email, phone and other communications can be re-routed to go through the emergency space if needed.If you have a home business, consider:Special insurance to cover your business and business personal propertyâ€"it most likely is not covered by your homeowners insurance, and if it is, it will be a minimal amount, at most.Check and read your insurance policyâ€"what IS and IS NOT covered?Keep good records and separate records. Prevent any reason for an insurer to deny a claim.Keep electronics off the floor. They nee d to breathe. Also keep them away from animals and water.Don’t overload circuitry as you grow. If youre almost big enough to get a bigger space, but not quite ready to take the leapâ€"don’t overload the circuits, or over use extension cords or outlet splitters.Many offices are in basementsâ€"check the drain or stairs often especially as seasons pass and storms are predicted.During the Storm:Okay, its here, and its really bad. Now youre not just thinking about your home, youre also thinking about your safety.Rainbow International  also recommends preparing for really dangerous weather byBuild an emergency kit:  You need food, water, and  basic disaster supplies, which include water, non-perishable food, a battery-powered radio, flashlight and extra batteries, and a first-aid kit,  to last 72 hours. Assemble your emergency kit well before severe weather strikes. You may have to evacuate at a moment’s notice, so keep your emergency kit in an easy-to-access place.Create a family c ommunication plan:  Your family may be scattered around town at school, work and daycare when a storm hits. That’s why you should  create a family communication plan  now. Establish  how you’ll get in touch, reunite and handle different situations. Make sure every family member has their parents’ and siblings’ cell phone numbers memorized.Peter Duncanson of ServiceMaster Restore  says:Consider building a FEMA safe room that provides near-absolute protection from hurricanes, or find out if anyone in your community has built one.Stay informed. Listening for timely information can make all the difference when preparing for a hurricane. Be on the lookout for National Weather Service (NWS) broadcast alerts for watches and warnings in your area, and sign up for your community’s text or email alert systems for emergency notifications.Rehearse taking shelter and practice how you will communicate with family members. It can also be in your best interest to take first aid training a nd emergency response classes so you can help in emergency situations.After the Storm:So you prepped as best you could, but once that storm passes, there is  still damage. And you have, like, no money for repairs. Now what?Glass Doctor  recommends the following:If your windows are damaged in severe weather, board up services cover the gaping hole so your home is protected from further storm damage, as well as burglary and vandalism. Whether used as a preventative or recovery method, board up services help prevent property damage, reduce the risk of liability and improve your chances of insurance coverage.Luckily, the folks at Rainbow International  recommendAfter a storm has hit, it’s important to start the rebuilding and recovery process quickly, especially if flooding has occurred. Seeping water is progressive, pervasive and can mean valuable objects may become permanently damaged if there’s no action in the first 48 hours.Stay tuned to your TV or radio during recovery for inf ormation on assistance available in your area through government.Contact your insurance agent to discuss any claims you need to make. Be prepared that typical homeowner’s insurance policies do not cover flood damage.Hire only professional contractors for cleanup and repair needs. Avoid any “drive-by” contractors that may try to scam you. It best to hire a reputable restoration company like Rainbow International.And finally, Peter Duncanson of ServiceMaster Restore  offers this good sense:Download the American Red Cross Emergency app for more information and tips on what to do after a hurricane so you can be as prepared as possible. To download, text “GETEMERGENCY” to 90999, search “American Red Cross” in the app store, or go to redcross.org/apps.Continue listening to the local radio station and checking local news apps and outlets for the latest updates and instructions for your area.Reach out. Find a way to contact your friends and family to tell them where you are an d what you need.Once authorities declare that it’s safe to go home, you may return. Do not try to return home before authorities say it is safe to do so.Safety first. Avoid driving or even walking in flood waters. Just 6 inches of moving water can knock you down, and rapidly-moving waters can sweep your vehicle away. Furthermore, flood water might be electrically charged by downed power lines. If you see any fallen power lines, call your utility company immediately. Do not assume someone else has already contacted them.Check the power. When you return home, turn off the power to your house if you are able to reach the breaker box safely, or ask your power company to cut power remotely. Standing water inside your home can create an electrical shock hazard.Check the structure. If your home’s structure or foundation appears unstable, do not attempt to go inside. Instead, immediately call for professional help and get a thorough assessment of the damage. Water damage after a hurrica ne can cause walls, ceilings and floors to swell, decay or collapse.Take inventory. Photograph and document all damages to your home and belongings to support any future insurance claims. After documenting the extent of the damage, you can begin cleanup and extract, dry and attempt to restore as many items as you can safely reach.Contact your insurance agent. As soon as possible after a storm, contact your insurance company or representative to check your coverage and start the process of filing a claim.Partner with professionals. Professional restoration companies like ServiceMaster Restore ® offer 24-hour emergency assistance to minimize the immediate and extended impact that a hurricane can have on your home. Our water damage restoration experts come equipped with the best practices and tools to extract water, dry your home and belongings, restore damaged items and prevent the development of mold so you can get back to normal as soon as possible after a hurricane.Have your own ti ps for dealing with storm damage for less? Let us know! You can find us on Twitter at  @OppLoans.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsBill Begal  (@Begalenterprise) is the founder President of Begal Enterprises, Inc. a Disaster Restoration Company based in Rockville, MD serving clients nationwide. He led major projects and teams of up to 150 people after Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Jeanne, Katrina, Wilma Ike.   Industries served include Hospitality, Industrial, Retail, Manufacturing, Healthcare Class “A” Office and Real Estate. In 2007, Begal Enterprises was awarded The Restoration Industry Association’s “Phoenix Award.” Bill often authors, contributes and speaks to a variety of related periodicals, media outlets and trade groups on disaster preparedness, clean up, insurance, mold MRSA and has been relied upon over 100 times.Peter Duncanson is the Director of Systems Development for ServiceMaster Restore and Chairman of the Board of the Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification. With over 30 years of experience in the industry, Peter holds many certifications and his expert knowledge on all things home-related helps readers take simple, yet highly effective steps to safeguard their home and their family.Glenn Gallas  (@therightroad)  is the  Vice President of operations for  Mr.Rooter Plumbing. Glenn began his career at Mr. Rooter Plumbing beginning in Feb. 2000, as a franchisee in Hot Springs, Arkansas. Because of his success and achievements, he was offered the opportunity to become a Franchise Consultant before being promoted to Mr. Rooter Plumbing, Vice-President of Operations.Larry Patterson  (@GlassDoctor1) is the owner of  Glass Doctor  in Dallas, Texas. Glass Doctor is a global franchise company providing home and auto glass repair, maintenance and installation. Larry has been a franchisee/business owner of Glass Doctor since 2003, served on the company’s leadership council and was named Franchisee of the Year in 2011.Maxime Rieman  (@CoverWallet)  spend her time educating and assisting shoppers about financial products has been Maxime Riemans focus, which led her to joining CoverWallet, a startup dedicated to simplifying insurance for small businesses. Previously, she launched the personal insurance team at NerdWallet, and helped create an innovative brokerage comparison product.Doug Rogers  is the president of Mr. Appliance  has been on the frontline of efforts at Dwyer Group ® to maximize the efficiency of its franchisees. He also focuses on continuously improving internal and external customer satisfaction. Doug joined Mr. Appliance in March 2004 as the vice president of operations and was named president of Mr. Appliance in June 2006 and president of ZorWare, also known as Z-Ware, in February 2007. Doug was twice awarded Outstanding Contributor at Whirlpool Corporation and was also awarded the Presidents Choice Award at Dwyer Group in 2007.Matt Stock  (@U SWaterpoofing) is a  third-generation family member in the basement waterproofing business, Matt began assisting his family in all things basements when he was 12 years old. He officially began working for U.S. Waterproofing as a teenager, learning the ropes and proving himself before officially taking the company reigns in 2014.Mark Welstead  (@RainbowIntl)  is the president of  Rainbow International  and is responsible for the overall leadership, initiative and growth of the thirty-year-old company, including sales and operational support. His previous roles include Chief Financial Officer, Board of Directors, and Vice President of Finance for several manufacturing, construction and service companies in the southwest. In addition to Mark’s corporate experience, he has also worked for a number of businesses on a management consultant basis. These include commercial roofing, commercial and residential HVAC, franchise pest control, warehousing, distribution and third party logisti cs, as well as small manufacturing startups. Mark earned his BBA in Accounting from Baylor University.

Which law should take priority - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2130 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Research Essay APPENDIX A: RESEARCH ESSAY In situations of conflict between EU law and National law, which law is to prevail? The European Union treaty is mostly silent on which legal authority should be followed in situations of conflict between EU Law and National or Domestic Law. But it was held by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) that it is understood from Article 4(3) Treaty of European Union (TEU) which states that the requirement to ensure achievement of the intention of the treaty and also in Article 288 Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU) which states that regulations will be binding and have direct effect. However, this still does not settle the issue of which law should take priority, whether it is national law or EU law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Which law should take priority?" essay for you Create order But it all depends on the level to which member state has provided for this, either in its constitution or in its statute of incorporation. Due to the extensive dissimilarities in the ways Member states have tried to solve this question of prime concern, and to make sure consistency of application is maintained, the ECJ produced its own constitutional rules to deal with the problem of the principle of supremacy of European Union Law. The creation of the doctrine of supremacy began after a series of important rulings by the European Court of Justice. The very first case which dealt with this issue of priority was that of Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen[1]. In 1962 the Netherlands imposed a duty on the import of a chemical from Germany that was transported by a company named Van Gend en Loos.As customs duties were not allowed among member states, the logistics company addressed the Court to resolve the issue. The European Court of Justice ruled tha t the duty had to be removed. The main reason why the case is accepted and broadly referred to is the interpretation that the EC Treaty was more than just an international treaty, and the fact that it was signed by the member states meant that it provided for a direct effect on the member states’ citizens.Along with the main duties, the Treaty caters for certain rights applicable directly to the citizens of member states. This basically means that EU law can be considered in a way national law is and a member state citizen can directly invoke EU law before their domestic court. It was further held that union law constitutes a ‘new legal order for the benefit of which the states have limited their sovereign rights, albeit with limited fields.’ The court’s judgement resulted in the court applying the community law (now Art 34 of TFEU) and the conflicting Dutch law was set aside. It was the first case which established EU as an independent legal order from th e member states. However, the precise implementation of the doctrine of supremacy wasn’t developed until the case of Flaminio Costa v ENEL.[2] In this case, there was an alleged dispute between a few provisions of the treaty and an Italian statute nationalizing the electricity company. The applicant, Costa was a shareholder in that particular electricity company and refused to pay the electricity bill. He later claimed that the nationalization of the electricity company was against EC Law. The Italian government argued that the Italian statute nationalising the electricity company was later in time than the Italian Ratification Act which incorporated EC law in Italian law. The Italian court was therefore under an obligation to apply the domestic law in predilection to EC law. This case was referred to the ECJ by the Italian courts. In an attempt to clarify the position regarding which law is to gain supremacy, the European Court of Justice referred to Van Gend (as explaine d above) and came to the conclusion that EU law will take precedent even if only subsequent EU law has been enacted and even when there is a latter law which contradicts with earlier EU law. A number of case law will explain the extent to which EU law is supreme and reasons why it should be given primacy over National laws. The first reason is that the European Union is entirely part of National law and member states had given up some of their power to EU. Furthermore, EU law should be given primacy in order to promote uniformity and effectiveness. In the case of Internationale Handelsgesellschaft[3] the German courts held that to follow the doctrine of supremacy would mean that they will need to converse with some of the laws in the German constitution. The ECJ states EU law takes precedent over ALL forms of law. In addition, in the case of Administrazione delle Finanze dello stato v Simenthal[4], where there is a conflict between the National law and the European law, the natio nal court under the EU law is required to give immediate effect to EU law and not wait for a ruling from the constitutional court. This decision confers on domestic courts jurisdictions that they may not have under domestic law. In R v SS for transport ex parte Factortame (No 2)[5] [1990] EUECJ C-213/89, it was held that the national law should be put aside if it prevents the courts from granting interim relief. It was also held that the Governments will be liable for any breach resulting a financial loss. All the above case law shows that EU law does in fact have supremacy over National/Domestic Law. However, the question now is, do all Member States accept this Supremacy with open arms? A few member states like Belgium have managed and accepted the doctrine of supremacy of EU law comfortably. However, other states, such as France, UK and Italy have accepted it more moderately over a period of time. According to research, for the UK, the main problem lies with the Sovereignty of Parliament. Member states assumed that the question of supremacy will depend on how European Union law has been incorporated into domestic law. So, for example if a country is monist in its approach, EU law will become binding and part of national law as soon as it gets approval without the need of any further incorporation for instance the Netherlands or France. However, if the country is a dualist, then EU law will not become binding and part of domestic law unless and until it is incorporated into a domestic statute, for example: Germany, Italy, Belgium and UK. A prime example of this can be seen in the UK, where the main hurdle of acceptance of the principal of supremacy is because of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. According to A.V Dicey’s[6], This means that the parliament can make and un-make laws. This was illustrated in the case of Burmah oil v Lord advocate[7]. As UK is a dualist state, international law does not become part of domestic law until it i s incorporated into a domestic statute as I mentioned above. In the past, UK was hesitant to apply EU law but since the passing of European Communities Act 1972, the National courts in the UK have begun to accept EU law as primary law. However, under the normal rules of statutory interpretation, legislation which subsequent to the European Communities Act 1972 would prevail over it. The courts regardless have been able largely to avoid the problem of conflict of Community and British Law, mostly through interpretation as seen in the case of Garland v BR Engineering.[8] The status of EU law comes from the European Communities Act 1972 and the most significant provisions are listed under sections (2) and (3). According to section 2(1) of the above act, all rights, power, liabilities, obligations and restrictions created or arising under the treaties and all such remedies and procedures provided by or under the Treaties are without further enactment to be given legal effect in th e UK. Section 2(2) holds that Her Majesty may by order in Council, and any designates Minister of department may by regulations, make provision for the purpose of implementing any community obligation. Under section 2(4) any enactment passed or to be passed, shall be construed and have effect subject to the foregoing provisions of this section. Section 3(1) states that any question as to the meaning or effect of any treaties, or as to the validity, meaning or effect of any community instrument, shall be treated as a question of law and, if not referred to the ECJ, Be determined in accordance with the principles laid down by the ECJ. All the above sections prove that EU law nevertheless has supremacy over national law. However the approach which was adopted by the UK courts can be explained by referring to the following case law: In the case of McCarthy ltd v Smith[9] it was held that following to the European Communities Act 1972 Community law was part of English l aw and where English law was inconsistent with it, Community law prevailed. Reference should be made to Lord Denning, who said that said Community law is now part of our law: and, whenever there is any inconsistency, Community law has priority. It is not supplanting English law. It is part of our law which overrides any other part which is inconsistent with it. This shows that the Court of Appeal was prepared, under section 2(4) as mentioned above to give EU law priority. Furthermore in the case of Garland v BR Engineering (1983) 2 AC 751, HL(E), The House of Lords adopted the rule of construction’ approach to section 2(4). In the case of Pickstone v Freemans plc[10], The House of Lords chose to interpret the law literally (against their literal meaning), to the extent that they read certain words into the regulations in order to attain a result which would be more suitable with EC law. Lord Keith[11] said the provisions must be interpreted deliberately so as to g ive effect to the obvious broad intentions of the Parliament. It was made clear in this case, from evidence from House of Commons debates on the matter, that the regulations had been introduced specifically in order to give effect to EC law. In addition to this, the case of Factortame (No. 2) [1990] EUECJ C-213/89 shows that the House of lords gave priority to EC law. All the above case law is evidence that the UK courts such as the House of Lords have sown a clear willingness to accord supremacy to directly effective community law, either by ‘construction’ of domestic law, or, where necessary by applying Ec law directly, in priority over national law. However it should be noted that in the case of Macarthys ltd v smith [1981] QB 180, Lord Denning made it clear that if parliament were expressly to strive to renounce its EU obligations our courts would be obliged to give effect to Parliament’s wishes. Whilst this is unlikely to happen as long as we remain members of the EU, it is theoretical possibility and the principle of Parliamentary sovereignty remains intact. While on the other hand, A.V Dicey[12] has maintained that though the supremacy EU law is largely accepted by British courts, it is emphasized that the final decision makers still remain the member states. However, National courts are loyal towards the Community law and give precedence to it as long as the UK remains a member of the EU. Bibliography CASES: Case Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen(1963)Case 26/62 Flaminio Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 (6/64) Case Internationale Handelsgesellschaft (11/70) [1970] ECR 1125 Case Administrazione delle Finanze dello stato v Simenthal (106/77) [1978] ECR 629 Case Factortame (No 2) [1990] EUECJ C-213/89 Case Burmah oil v Lord advocate [1965] AC 75 Case Garland v BR Enineering (1983) 2 AC 751, HL(E) Case McCarthy ltd v Smith [1981] QB 180 Case Pickstone v Freemans plc [198 8] 2 All ER 803 Case Rv Secretary of State for Employment C-167/97. [1999] 2 AC 554 TREATIES: Treaty of European Union (TEC) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union SECONDARY SOUCES: Loveland,Ian,(1996;517),Parliamentary Sovereignty and the European Community: the Unfinished Revolution?, Parliamentary Affairs,vol.49-2,Oxford University Press De Witte, in: Craig/De Burca (eds.),The Evolution of EU Law Craig P.P De Burca, The Fifth Edition, EU Law: Texts, Cases and Materials. 1 [1] Case Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen(1963)Case 26/62 [2] Case Flaminio Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 (6/64) [3] Case Internationale Handelsgesellschaft (11/70) [1970] ECR 1125 [4] Case Administrazione delle Finanze dello stato v Simenthal (106/77) [1978] ECR 629 [5] Case Factortame (No 2) [1990] EUECJ C-213/89 [6] Loveland,Ian,(1996;517),Parliamentary Sovereignty and the European Community: the Unfinished Revolution?, Parliamentary Affairs,vol.49-2,Oxford University Press [7] Case Burmah oil v Lord advocate [1965] AC 75 [8] Case Garland v BR Enineering (1983) 2 AC 751, HL(E) [9]Case McCarthy ltd v Smith [1981] QB 180 [10] Case Pickstone v Freemans plc [1988] 2 All ER 803 [11] De Witte, in: Craig/De Burca (eds.),The Evolution of EU Law [12] Dicey,A.V.,(1915,3-8), The Law of Constitution, Oxford Press

Comparing Christianity And Islam Similarities And...

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The life after death and belief in the Supreme Being by the believers of Christianity and Islam religions has many differences and similarities. INTERVIEW The purpose of the interview is to get the views concerning each religion. In this regard, two people, a pastor, and an Imam, were interviewed, each representing their respective religion. The pastor and Imam were specifically selected because of their vast knowledge of the Christianity and Islam religions respectively. They were both asked questions about the lifeShow MoreRelatedThree Main Religions in the Middle East 897 Words   |  4 PagesIran, Iraq, etc. The religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. With the close proximity of these countries, but the differing views on things, mainly religion, creates some conflicts and hostility. In America, people are allowed to worship who they want, and believe in what they choose. 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Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company Free Essays

Research Question The observation and analysis of Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivational System Effectiveness of Starbucks Coffee Company Practices in UK, Poland, and Germany. Introduction Starbucks has served as a milestone in the coffee industry and is a massive organization in terms of people employed and stores owned. At the current time it has revenue of $10. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7 billion and owns 16,850 shops in 40 countries. Starbucks is clearly the world’s top coffee retailer, it employs 137,000 employees or â€Å"partners† as it likes to call them. Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, considers that ‘the tip of success in Starbucks is not coffee but employees’. He constantly builds upon the working experience of employees, providing chances of promotion, and treating workers as working partners is their way to operate sustainability. He firmly believes that the spirit of Starbucks is employees and feels honored about the value of Starbucks employees. Many theorists believe that â€Å"it is necessary to have a perfect education and training policy for better performance in a company† (Michelli, 2006). Despite serving in many countries, Starbucks has a similar organizational structure; as a result, it does not take into account the cross cultural determinants. It has been criticized for its approach; also because, employe es of some countries like UK are not as satisfied as employees from Poland and Germany, thus Starbucks must make use of cross-cultural determinants in order to improve its management methords. One of the most proficient theory, the Hofstede theory states that the motivational factors of every country are different and thus must be looked into before a company, such as Starbucks sets its motivational methods. Along with Hoftsede it talks about Management and Motivation in reference to the Grid/Group Theory by Douglas, which strives to classify different cultures in relation to being hierarchist, individualist, egalitarian and fatalist. It also talks about the ‘Cultural Theory’ and ‘Organizational Theory’ in relation to Starbucks. This research attempts to access these theories in reference to Starbucks, and its motivational methods across nations. It looks at a comparison between the way Starbucks company treats or must treat its employees across UK, Poland and Germany. Brief Overview The Starbucks Company is a vast and well constructed multi-national, which serves in 40 countries. It has to keep in mind various cross-cultural determinant while bringing in its motivational schemes. However, it has been criticized for not taking into account, cross-cultural determinants when building its management cultural across countries. It is often assessed, that the employees of countries like UK, seem to be less motivated than employees from Poland and Germany. This paper talks about all possible schemes in relation to motivational theories, that can be adopted by Starbucks,chiefly the Hofstede theory. The factors of this theory are highly relevant and can be implemented in various ways to improve performance. The first factor, Power distance can be defined as â€Å"the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede 1991, p. 28). UK and Germany, are ranked as a low power distance society, where the relationship between bosses and subordinated is of interdependence, treating each worker equally and calling them ‘partners’. There, the managers of Starbucks are likely to place a greater importance on labors’ rights as compared to managers in Poland, which ranks as a high power distance country. However, in Poland there is a hierarchical social system, thus, it is said that their ‘ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat’. Another factor of the Hofstede theory is Masculinity, the dominant values in society being material success versus femininity, caring for others and the quality of life. UK, Poland and Germany, are Masculine societies, driven by competition, achievement and financial success. In these countries, people’s performance is highly valued and people ‘live in order to work’. Starbucks too, beliefs in monetary based appraisals, it spends $300 million, on their employees’ welfare, much more than ‘they do on coffee beans’. Starbucks even gave its UK staff shares worth around ?4 million in their employee share scheme ‘Bean Stock’, followed by a Christmas cash bonus to staff worth ?1.5 million. Uncertainty Avoidance, is another of Hofstede’s theories, it classifies countries into being high in Uncertainty Avoidance; having strict rules and resistance to changes like Germany and Poland and low in Uncertainty Avoidance; having fewer rules and being welcome to changes like UK. This is an important factor to look into a country when bringing in new innovations, and the planning of how the change has to be implemented. Managers of UK can bring in new ideas easily and with more enthusiasm while managers in Germany and Poland have to bring in changes subtely because people resist from breaking orthodox norms uneasy. Starbucks went through many changes when it merged with Giornale, it was welcoming to his employees’ involvement and included them in every change, by 1987, and employees at Starbucks had begun buying into the changes. The theory includes a comparison between countries which have more, individualism everyone is expected to look after themselves and their immediate family against collectivism, and cultures in which people are bound into strong and cohesive groups. UK, Germany and Poland, are individualistic societies, where the route to happiness is through individual accomplishment. Here the company, in order to motivate its employees has to come up with schemes to provide them and their families’ advantages. The culture in Starbucks is of mutual advantage, thus workers usually do a fruitful job but all these factors must be kept in mind. Understanding all the cross-cultural determinants including these is crucial for a company which serves such a wide range of cultures; their observation along with development on these lines, must all be looked into, in order to bring out the best results. Another theory is the Cultural Theory’ which talks about the importance of culture, stating that is is too ‘important to be left undefined and unrefined, and analysts need a deeper awareness of the anthropological and sociological frameworks’ when refining their management attitudes. It outlines the effect on culture in relation to common objectives, employee motivation and loyalty. Setting of roles, leadership, innovation, setting incentives, tolerance and accountability. The setting of the corporate cultural is extremely subjective of the countries cultural as a whole. The Grid/Group theory is another theory based on cultural determinants, created by Mary Douglas, in 1996. It strives to study cultural relativism, which can be increased through a classification system taking into account ‘moral system, worldviews and ideologies’. This classification is built into two axes, based on individualism versus collectivism, including isolate/fatalist, hierarchist, individualist and sectarian groups. Each type is based on different classifications, power paradigms, moral values and individuality. In this paper, it is used to analyze, the classification of different cultures, such as UK, Germany and Poland into these categories, observing where their general workers fall, taking into account their employee, culture, market and forms of hierarchy. The paper also talks about Organizational Culture Theory which is based on performance, ‘organization effectiveness, employee commitment, employee satisfaction, culture type, culture strength and culture congruence’. This theory is talked about in relation to Poland, Germany and UK; assessing them based on all these assesses their management and motivational factors. Even though Starbucks operates in different countries, its organization culture is often the same. This can be a harmful strategy, as due to differing cultural determinants, the company must change its strategies relatively. If this is not done, the motivation of employees can be lowered and the management can fail to do its job. Thus, this paper talks about all these theories and the possibilities that they provide to Starbucks, in modifying its strategies based on varying cross-cultural determinants. Objective This paper is set to analyze and evaluate the cross cultural determinants of Poland, UK and Germany, in order to find out the best ways to motivate the employees of those countries. It attempts to Find out the cross cultural determinants of these societies and the way the employees of these countries are treated. Methodology The Prime methodology used will be questionnaires that will be filled out by Starbucks employees across these countries. The questionnaire will be based on the Organizational Energy Questionnaire from ‘fully charged’ written by Heike Bruch, which is an instrument to measure a company’s energy state. The questions will include if the employees like what they do, do not have much drive feel relaxed in their job, feel angry in their job, feel enthusiastic in their jobs, have no desire to make something happen, speculate about the real intentions of management, have real care about company’s fate, are efficient in conducting work, behave in destructive manner, go out of their way to make company succeed and if they feel discouraged in their jobs. All these questions will convey about the general state of employees and their will be a separate questionnaire to observe the importance of cross-cultural determinants. References Heike Bruch and Bernd Vogel (2011). Fully Charged. United States of America: Harvard Business School Publishing. HOFSTEDE THEORY- Poland, (2011) [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Penny Bassett (2004). CHINESE AND AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS’ CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY, Victoria University. Jim Boyer (2009). Understanding Hofstede’s Theory to Motivate Cross Cultural Employees. Business Insider [online]. (2011) [Accessed 6 May 2012]. Available from: Nicholson, N (1998) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behavior Blackwell, pp 215 Hoovers [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Starbucks Coffee [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . V S RAMA RAO (2009). The Hofstede Studies [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Cultural Dimensions Theory [online]. (2010) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Zoe Wood (2010). Starbucks’ staff set to get free shares in incentive scheme. 19 December 2010. Starbucks [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Employee Benefits [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Projects [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/semiotics/cyber/douglas3.pdf . York Universit y [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php/Organizational_culture_theory . How to cite Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company, Essay examples Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company Free Essays Introduction Starbucks has served as a milestone in the coffee industry and is a massive organization in terms of people employed and stores owned. At the current time it has revenue of $10.7 billion and owns 16,850 shops in 40 countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Starbucks is clearly the world’s top coffee retailer, it employs 137,000 employees or â€Å"partners† as it likes to call them. Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, considers that ‘the tip of success in Starbucks is not coffee but employees’. He constantly builds upon the working experience of employees, providing chances of promotion, and treating workers as working partners is their way to operate sustainability. He firmly believes that the spirit of Starbucks is employees and feels honored about the value of Starbucks employees. Many theorists believe that â€Å"it is necessary to have a perfect education and training policy for better performance in a company† (Michelli, 2006). Despite serving in many countries, Starbucks has a similar organizational structure; as a result, it does not take into account the cross cultural determinants. It has been criticized for its approach; also because, employees of some countries like UK are not as satisfie d as employees from Poland and Germany, thus Starbucks must make use of cross-cultural determinants in order to improve its management methords. One of the most proficient theory, the Hofstede theory states that the motivational factors of every country are different and thus must be looked into before a company, such as Starbucks sets its motivational methods. Along with Hoftsede it talks about Management and Motivation in reference to the Grid/Group Theory by Douglas, which strives to classify different cultures in relation to being hierarchist, individualist, egalitarian and fatalist. It also talks about the ‘Cultural Theory’ and ‘Organizational Theory’ in relation to Starbucks. This research attempts to access these theories in reference to Starbucks, and its motivational methods across nations. It looks at a comparison between the way Starbucks company treats or must treat its employees across UK, Poland and Germany. Brief Overview The Starbucks Company is a vast and well constructed multi-national, which serves in 40 countries. It has to keep in mind various cross-cultural determinant while bringing in its motivational schemes. However, it has been criticized for not taking into account, cross-cultural determinants when building its management cultural across countries. It is often assessed, that the employees of countries like UK, seem to be less motivated than employees from Poland and Germany. This paper talks about all possible schemes in relation to motivational theories, that can be adopted by Starbucks,chiefly the Hofstede theory. The factors of this theory are highly relevant and can be implemented in various ways to improve performance. The first factor, Power distance can be defined as â€Å"the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally† (Hofstede 1991, p. 28). UK and Germany, are ranked as a low power distance society, where the relationship between bosses and subordinated is of interdependence, treating each worker equally and calling them ‘partners’. There, the managers of Starbucks are likely to place a greater importance on labors’ rights as compared to managers in Poland, which ranks as a high power distance country. However, in Poland there is a hierarchical social system, thus, it is said that their ‘ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat’. Another factor of the Hofstede theory is Masculinity, the dominant values in society being material success versus femininity, caring for others and the quality of life. UK, Poland and Germany, are Masculine societies, driven by competition, achievement and financial success. In these countries, people’s performance is highly valued and people ‘live in order to work’. Starbucks too, beliefs in monetary based appraisals, it spends $300 million, on their employees’ welfare, much more than ‘they do on coffee beans’. Starbucks even gave its UK staff shares worth around ?4 million in their employee share scheme ‘Bean Stock’, followed by a Christmas cash bonus to staff worth ?1.5 million. Uncertainty Avoidance, is another of Hofstede’s theories, it classifies countries into being high in Uncertainty Avoidance; having strict rules and resistance to changes like Germany and Poland and low in Uncertainty Avoidance; having fewer rules and being welcome to changes like UK. This is an important factor to look into a country when bringing in new innovations, and the planning of how the change has to be implemented. Managers of UK can bring in new ideas easily and with more enthusiasm while managers in Germany and Poland have to bring in changes subtely because people resist from breaking orthodox norms uneasy. Starbucks went through many changes when it merged with Giornale, it was welcoming to his employees’ involvement and included them in every change, by 1987, and employees at Starbucks had begun buying into the changes. The theory includes a comparison between countries which have more, individualism everyone is expected to look after themselves and their immediate family against collectivism, and cultures in which people are bound into strong and cohesive groups. UK, Germany and Poland, are individualistic societies, where the route to happiness is through individual accomplishment. Here the company, in order to motivate its employees has to come up with schemes to provide them and their families’ advantages. The culture in Starbucks is of mutual advantage, thus workers usually do a fruitful job but all these factors must be kept in mind. Understanding all the cross-cultural determinants including these is crucial for a company which serves such a wide range of cultures; their observation along with development on these lines, must all be looked into, in order to bring out the best results. Another theory is the Cultural Theory’ which talks about the importance of culture, stating that is is too ‘important to be left undefined and unrefined, and analysts need a deeper awareness of the anthropological and sociological frameworks’ when refining their management attitudes. It outlines the effect on culture in relation to common objectives, employee motivation and loyalty. Setting of roles, leadership, innovation, setting incentives, tolerance and accountability. The setting of the corporate cultural is extremely subjective of the countries cultural as a whole. The Grid/Group theory is another theory based on cultural determinants, created by Mary Douglas, in 1996. It strives to study cultural relativism, which can be increased through a classification system taking into account ‘moral system, worldviews and ideologies’. This classification is built into two axes, based on individualism versus collectivism, including isolate/fatalist, hierarchist, individualist and sectarian groups. Each type is based on different classifications, power paradigms, moral values and individuality. In this paper, it is used to analyze, the classification of different cultures, such as UK, Germany and Poland into these categories, observing where their general workers fall, taking into account their employee, culture, market and forms of hierarchy. The paper also talks about Organizational Culture Theory which is based on performance, ‘organization effectiveness, employee commitment, employee satisfaction, culture type, culture strength and culture congruence’. This theory is talked about in relation to Poland, Germany and UK; assessing them based on all these assesses their management and motivational factors. Even though Starbucks operates in different countries, its organization culture is often the same. This can be a harmful strategy, as due to differing cultural determinants, the company must change its strategies relatively. If this is not done, the motivation of employees can be lowered and the management can fail to do its job. Thus, this paper talks about all these theories and the possibilities that they provide to Starbucks, in modifying its strategies based on varying cross-cultural determinants. Objective This paper is set to analyze and evaluate the cross cultural determinants of Poland, UK and Germany, in order to find out the best ways to motivate the employees of those countries. It attempts to Find out the cross cultural determinants of these societies and the way the employees of these countries are treated. Methodology The Prime methodology used will be questionnaires that will be filled out by Starbucks employees across these countries. The questionnaire will be based on the Organizational Energy Questionnaire from ‘fully charged’ written by Heike Bruch, which is an instrument to measure a company’s energy state. The questions will include if the employees like what they do, do not have much drive feel relaxed in their job, feel angry in their job, feel enthusiastic in their jobs, have no desire to make something happen, speculate about the real intentions of management, have real care about company’s fate, are efficient in conducting work, behave in destructive manner, go out of their way to make company succeed and if they feel discouraged in their jobs. All these questions will convey about the general state of employees and their will be a separate questionnaire to observe the importance of cross-cultural determinants. References Heike Bruch and Bernd Vogel (2011). Fully Charged. United States of America: Harvard Business School Publishing. HOFSTEDE THEORY- Poland, (2011) [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Penny Bassett (2004). CHINESE AND AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS’ CULTURAL PERCEPTIONS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY, Victoria University. Jim Boyer (2009). Understanding Hofstede’s Theory to Motivate Cross Cultural Employees. Business Insider [online]. (2011) [Accessed 6 May 2012]. Available from: Nicholson, N (1998) Encyclopedic Dictionary of Organizational Behavior Blackwell, pp 215 Hoovers [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Starbucks Coffee [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . V S RAMA RAO (2009). The Hofstede Studies [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Cultural Dimensions Theory [online]. (2010) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Zoe Wood (2010). Starbucks’ staff set to get free shares in incentive scheme. 19 December 2010. Starbucks [online]. [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Employee Benefits [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: . Projects [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/semiotics/cyber/douglas3.pdf . York Universit y [online]. (2011) [Accessed 2012]. Available from: http://www.fsc.yorku.ca/york/istheory/wiki/index.php/Organizational_culture_theory . How to cite Cross-Cultural Determinants of Employee Motivation in Starbucks Company, Essay examples

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Research Paper on Viscosity Essay Viscosity (internal friction) is one of the transfer phenomena, the property of the fluid bodies (liquids and gases) to provide resistance to the movement of one part to the others. As a result, there is a dissipation in the form of work heat expended in moving. Mechanism of internal friction in liquids and gases is that the randomly moving molecules carry pulse from one layer to another, leading to equalization of speed – is described by introducing friction. Viscosity of solids has a number of specific features and is usually considered separately. There are dynamic viscosity (unit in the International System of Units (SI) is Pa †¢ s, in the CGS system – Poise, 1 Pa †¢ s = 10 poise) and kinematic viscosity (unit in SI – m ? / s, GHS – Stokes off-system unit is Engler). The kinematic viscosity can be obtained as the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to density and by its origin is obliged to the classical methods for measuring viscosity, such as measuring time of the predetermined amount of flow through the orifice under gravity. Instrument for measuring viscosity called viscometer. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Viscosity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Viscosity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Viscosity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Transition of a substance from a liquid to a glass is usually associated with a viscosity of the order of 1011-1012 Pa †¢ sViscous friction force is proportional to the relative velocity of bodies, proportional to the area and inversely proportional to the distance between the planes. Proportionality factor, depending on the kind of liquid or gas, is called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity. The difference between viscous friction forces and dry friction is qualitatively significant, among other things the body in the presence of only viscous friction and an arbitrarily small external force is sure to come in motion, that is, for the viscous friction there is no stiction, and vice versa – under only viscous friction body, first moving, will never (within the macroscopic approximation, neglecting Brownian motion) stop completely, although the movement will slow down infinitely. Second viscosity or bulk viscosity is internal friction when moving in the direction of the momentum. It is effective only taking into consideration the compressibility and / or due to the heterogeneity of the second coefficient of viscosity in space. If the dynamic (and kinematic) viscosity characterizes the deformation of pure shear, the second viscosity characterizes the deformation of volumetric compression. The bulk viscosity plays an important role in the attenuation of sound and shock waves, and is experimentally determined by measuring the attenuation. To write a good research proposal, it is necessary to study carefully all the aspects of the chosen topic. Free example research paper will help you to gather enough of relevant data to prepare first-rate research proposal on the issue. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Viscosity topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service!

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Project Planning Example Project Planning – Coursework Example Topic: Project PlanningName:Course:Date:Critical path in a projectBy using the knowledge of tracking the critical path in a project, the resources are always assigned to the critical tasks which are determined by the tasks that affects the project completion on a timely manner.1. These are the sequences of tasks that has no slack, and hence endorse the successiful finish date of the project. All tasks found here are fully on the critical path and therefore refered to as the project’s critical tasks.2. This is a sequence of tasks that do not drive the project’s finish date. All of this tasks are not critical.3. The total slack is the total ammount of time that this sequence of tasks can slip before affecting the finish day of the entire project.Critical tasksCritical tasks are tasks that cannot be delayed without affecting the successful finish of the project. In a project, the majority of tasks have a slack and therefore, their delay cannot delay the projects finishing date.A task becomes critical when it meets any one of the following conditions:Has got no slack. Has a Must Start on, or Must Finish On, date constraintMust have an as Late as Possible constraint in a project scheduled from a start date. Must have an As Soon As Possible constraint in project scheduling a finish date. Must have a finish date that is the same as or beyond its deadline dates. Critical risksThe project defines critical risks as those tasks that have no slacks. However you can amend when a task changes to a critical state. Slacks are determined by the early finish and the late finishing dates of the scheduled tasks. Early finish date is the most probable earliest date of task completion. ReferencesLockyer, K. G., & Lockyer, K. G. (1991). Critical path analysis and other project network techniques (5th ed.). London: Pitman.

The Best IB Biology Books Full Expert Reviews

The Best IB Biology Books Full Expert Reviews SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In IB Biology SL/HL, there are so many topics and so little time. Maximize your study time by using the best study materials and best IB Biology textbooks. In this article, I have collected a list of the most recent IB Biology Books and Textbooks (2013 or newer), as I don't recommend you studying with any older books, as they may be out of date. Who Is This Guide For? This guide is for IB Biology students who are serious about success in the classroom and on the IB Biology SL/HL papers.If you only plan on using the material for 5 hours of studying, the choice of book becomes less important. However, if you plan to use the book throughout the year for study help and for the IB Biology exam, you should choose your resource carefully. In this guide, I’ve divided the books into specific categories to help you make a knowledgeable choice. The Best IB Biology SL/HL Books We’re going to divide the best IB Biology books into a few categories: Best Textbook: A must have book as a part of your learning process, no matter your skill level or weaknesses. If you would like more information on otherIB Biology Textbooks, check out our other article. Best Study Resource for Fast Learning Throughout the School Year: The best study material for all students to learn material fast throughout the year and not just to study for the IB exam at the end of the year. Best Study Guide for Average Students:This book provides more in-depth explanations for those who need a little more assistance. Best Study Guide for High Achieving Students:This book has the material to push you over the top, without repeating the details that you have already mastered. Book to Avoid:This book lacks all of the material you need to succeed. Best Textbook IB Biology Course Book: 2014 Edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program Price on Amazon: $58.90 Description:This is the gold standard for IB Biology textbooks. The Oxford University Press is the only company to work directly with the IB to develop their materials, meaning they have a first look at the changing curricula and understand more deeply what the IB wants to test and how. They're also able to write the most realistic practice questions that resemble the real test.Of all books on the list, this is the most standard 'textbook' like book, containing: full instruction on the complete SL/HL syllabus practice questions for each topic instructions on the internal assessment and the extended essay This will be the foundation of your IB Biology prep, containing a thorough overview. Pros: developed directly with the IB high-quality content realistic practice problems organized logically, with practice integrated coherently Cons: like all textbooks, this book is better for thoroughness and less for customized prep. The best way for you to study for IB Biology may not be cover to cover, and this book does not give clear guidance on how best to customize its content for your needs does not contain study strategies or test strategies more expensive than other guides Best Study Resource for Fast Learning Throughout the School Year IB Biology (SL and HL) Examination Flashcard Study System: IB Test Practice Questions Review for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (Cards) Price on Amazon: $59.01 Description: Flashcards are a great way to study for IB Biology because there are so many topics and details to memorize. These flashcards help break the large topics down into small parts so that you can easily commit the details to memory. While this company does not work directly with IB, they use the IB syllabus to ensure they cover all topics on the IB Biology SL and HL exams, making it a great resource. These flashcards are great to use throughout the year for all of your in-class IB Biology tests since you can just study the cards relating to the topic being tested. While there are no practice problems with these flashcards, they are still a great resource for review. Since essentially all of the IB Biology exam questions simply ask you to relay memorized information (such as asking you to describe Cell Theory), these flashcards provide you with all of the reviews you need to ace the test. Pros: developed using the IB Biology syllabus high-quality content review breaks down big topics into small manageable parts organized by topic, making it easy to help you memorize throughout the year, not just for the IB exam. Cons: doesn't give guidance on how best to study the flashcards to improve memory retention. We encourage you to use our 'waterfall method' flashcards only have enough space for light concepts - if you don't know a concept well, you'll have to supplement with a textbook to flesh out your understanding more expensive than other guides Best Study Guide for the Average Student IB Biology Study Guide: 2014 edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program Price on Amazon: $32.40 Description:Also published by The Oxford University Press and written by Andrew Allott, this study guide complementsthe IB Biology Course Book mentioned above. This study guide breaks the large concepts from the course book down into manageable sections, with diagrams and illustrations to cement understanding. Additionally, this study guide integrates more IB Biology exam preparation material than the course book to make sure you excel on the IB Biology exam. Pros: developed directly with the IB high-quality content review using diagrams and illustrations breaks down big topics into small manageable parts realistic practice problems and exam material organized logically, with practice integrated coherently very thorough for those who need a little extra help in addition to their textbook / class lectures. Cons: like the related course book, this book is better for thoroughness and less for customized prep. The best way for you to study for IB Biology may not be cover to cover, and this book does not give clear guidance on how best to customize its content for your needs. more expensive than other guides Best Study Guide for High Achieving Students Barron's IB Biology Price on Amazon: $16.68 Description:Barron's is usually a solid choice for top students, as they're very complete This Barron’s IB Biology review book was developed using the IB Biology syllabus material to ensure that students are fully prepared for the IB Biology exam. Unlike a textbook, this study guide focuses more on exam preparation/review than teaching. The book provides readers with an overview of the IB Biology tests/papers, including an explanation of scoring, command terms, and optional topics based on the brand new 2014 syllabus, study tips and strategies for maximizing scores, and 2 full-length paper 1, 2, and 3 practice exams with fully explained answers. Pros: detailed summary charts. high-quality practice exams with detailed answer explanations. relatively inexpensive compared to other resources. focused study tips and strategies for the IB Biology exam. Cons: The material is reviewed in less detail than in other guides. The focus is on providing you with the practice tests rather than re-teaching you the material from class. This guide is great for the high achieving student, who already understood the class lessons, but is just hoping to lightly review the concepts and take IB Biology practice tests. Book to Avoid Biology for the IB Diploma Coursebook Price on Amazon: $61.95 Description: This edition of the IB Biology Coursebook from Cambridge Press was developed using the newest IB Biology syllabus. It covers all of the core topics of the syllabus including some practice questions. However, it does not cover any of the options (Both IB Biology SL and HL have core topics your teacher must cover as well as 2 additional topics - known as the options - because your teacher gets to choose from 4 options - fora more in-depth explanation of the options, read our other article The Complete IB Biology Syllabus: SL and HL). The core topics are tested on Paper 1 and 2 of the IB Biology SL/HL Exam, and the options are tested on Paper 3. Pros: developed usingthe IB Biology syllabus focused review of IB Biology core topics including some practice questions. Cons: expensive compared to other materials. missing review of the options, which count for ⅓ of the IB Biology exam. This book is too expensive to spend money on when it is missing ⅓ of the material needed to succeed on the IB Biology exam. Other Free Resources Find other free IB Biology study resources in our other articleThe Best IB Biology Study Guide and Notes for SL/HLand Where to Find IB Biology Past Papers - Free and Official. What’s Next? Learn more about IB Biology inthe complete IB Biology syllabus: SL and HLandthe best IB Biology study guide and notes for SL/HL. Trying to figure out what extracurricular you should do? Learn more about participating in Science Olympiad, starting a club, doing volunteer work, andjoining Student Government. Studying for the SAT? Check out our complete guide to the SAT.Taking the SAT in the next month? Check out our guide to cramming. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school.Also, figure out your target SAT score or target ACT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Nursing and Human Resource Sector of the Health Care Industry Assignment

Nursing and Human Resource Sector of the Health Care Industry - Assignment Example The present research has identified that there is a rising cost of providing healthcare to over 230,000 individuals, a task that is making hard for the health care system to retain and attract employers who are discouraged by the premium costs. The employers are facing the effect of having to reduce or absolutely not offering any health care benefits to the employees. The Mercy Health plans are also finding it very difficult to get a local health plan for the employers. There is also the issue of competitors who offer national health plans and worse, they have a large share of the market. As such, the mercy health plan has to strategize themselves so as to face the existing competition in the market. Among the solutions considered by the Mercy Health Plans in the face of the problem of attracting employers into their health plans, they have decided to attract employers through offering them more attractive health plans that apply to the long-term relationship they have with their emp loyee. They encourage the senior management teams of the employers to take up their health plans in order to solve this problem. This is in opposition to the selection of short-term health care plans by the senior management. This is because the short-term health plans tend to be a source of cost shifting solution to the employer and mostly offered by consumer-directed programs for health benefits. Further, the mercy health plan realizes that they have to design a health program that would cover the overall health of the entire population. This includes the consumers that do not have a high risk of healthcare complications and their probabilities of getting sick is also low. As such, it is possible that the Mercy Health plan can reduce the cost of health and attract more employers.

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone Essay

Discuss the role played by morality or obligation in Antigone - Essay Example Creon had passed over the instructions that forbade everybody to bury the dead body of Polyneices. Creon wanted the dead body of Polyneices to rot and get eaten up by wild animals and vultures because Polyneice had died as a traitor in an attempt to attack the city. Antigone, like many people in her time, held a belief that the souls of deceased people remain restless as long as they are not buried. Not only did Antigone take a stand against Creon’s decision of leaving Polyneices’ body unburied, she actually took practical measures that prove her sincerity. However, it was not easy to go against the consent of the powerful ruler of the time. When Antigone had decided to bury her brother’s dead body, she knew she was going to risk her life and was most likely to be assassinated for her act. However, the fear of worldly punishment could not keep her from carrying out the orders of her gods. Not only did Antigone comply with the standards of morality on burying the dead body of Polyneice, but also, she would not let Ismene take the charge for having done the job because this would put Ismene into trouble. This causes the reader to draw conclusions about Antigone that she was daring, courageous, bold, prudent and considerate. She offered so much importance to her moral values that she would happily embrace death to live up to them.

France Section 1770 - 1789 - Crisis in the old regime :: European Europe History

France Section 1770 - 1789 - Crisis in the old regime The causes of tensions and conflicts generated in the old regime that contributed to the outbreak of revolution The composition of society was a major contributing factor to the tensions and conflicts generated under the old regime. Society was divided into Three Estates, the first Estate comprised of the clergy (1%), the nobility, and rest of the population was classified as the Third Estate. Not only was the Third Estate heterogeneous, comprising of the bourgeoise (lawyers, doctors, intellectuals, businessman, the traders, merchants, factory owners), peasants, and beggars, but all three Estates. Their were many distinguishing factors that set the three Estates apart. The first two Estates were associated with the monarchy and avoided or paid little taxes, whilst at the same time earning the most money. The Third Estate paid the highest taxes and earnt the least. Lefebvre saw the bourgeoisie as becoming stronger economically but still maintaining the same legal status as that of the poorest peasant. The bourgeois resented their nobles, who were simply 'born' into their position of wealth. They nobles believed that their noble birth' set them apart from the rest of society.' However, the nobility were also dissatisfied under the ancien regime, where they had little, yet still more then the bourgeois, influence in politics. Although the upper clergy enjoyed many privileges, including being exempt from paying taxes, owned about 10 per cent of the land, and received their wealth from the land they owned and the collection of the tithes. Yet, the lower clergy did not enjoy these same privileges, while the 'Bishop plays the great nobleman and spends scandalous sums on hounds, horses, furniture, servants, food and carriages, the parish priest does not have the wherewithal to buy himself a new cassock...the bishops treat their priests , not as honest footman, but as stable-boys.' It is clear that social unrest was felt by the whole population. Prior to 1780s the people of France blindly accepted the foudations of the Ancien Regime. The period known as the Enlightenment or 'Age of Reason' saw philosophes such as Voltaire and Rousseau attack the Church, and the absolute power of the King and the inequitable social composition of society. For the first time people were questioning the society in which they lived. It became the fashionable conversation of the times, and this propoganda took place in salons, cafes and even educational institutions such as the museum of Paris.

Political Justice: Plato and Aristotle Essay

Plato and Aristotle had different ideas of politics and political justice. In The Republic, Plato creates the ideal city, which is needed to guarantee justice. He aims to create a peaceful united city that will lead to the greater good of the community and individuals. Unlike Plato who imagines the ideal city, Aristotle looks at actual cities in The Politics. He doesn’t want to create the ideal city; he aims to improve the existing city. While their ideas about politics and justice were different, they both strived to find a better way of life for society and hoped to achieve political justice. In order to define justice, Socrates attempts to create an ideal city, one that is healthy and just. Socrates begins by â€Å"investigating what justice looks like in the cities† in order to â€Å"go on to consider it in individuals† (Plato, 45). He believes that it is through speech that one will see the way in which both justice and injustice come into being. Socrates argues that people come together as partners and form cities based on mutual needs because â€Å"each [person] isn’t self-sufficient but is in need of much†: food, shelter, clothing, and other necessities (Plato, 46). It is in the need that the men have of one another in a healthy city that justice can be found (Plato, 49). In the Republic, Plato argues that justice is social, structural, and peaceful. He also believes that people function best doing one thing well. According to Socrates, people naturally differ in nature; â€Å"different men are apt for the accomplishment of different jobs† (Plato, 46). Socrates argues for specialization by saying, â€Å"one man, one art† (Plato, 47). He argues that this concept of specialization is the only way to make certain that each job is done well. Socrates goes on to divide the city into three distinct classes: producers, warriors, and rulers. Socrates believes a just city requires a division of labor in order to guarantee the stability of the city and provide the common good for the citizens. He states that, â€Å"each thing becomes more plentiful, finer, and easier, when one man, exempt from other tasks, does one thing according to nature† (Plato, 47). A strict division of labor is the only way to construct a just city, in which few laws are required. Socrates uses the analogy of the healthy city to describe how â€Å"justice and injustice naturally grow in cities† (Plato, 49). A healthy city becomes an unhealthy, â€Å"feverish† city when people become driven by desire and want more than the mere necessities of a healthy city. Some people will not be satisfied with the mere necessities; thus, relishes will be added. When people desire more and more luxuries, the city must be made bigger again and again because the healthy one is no longer adequate (Plato, 50). As the city grows, more land is required in order to be sufficient. At some point, one must â€Å"cut off a piece of [their] neighbors’ land† (Plato, 50). Socrates argues that encroachment will ultimately lead to war. He goes on to state that because of thisß inevitable war, the city will require Guardians. According to Socrates, the Guardians of the state must have a very spirited soul be very well trained (Plato, 52). He goes on to argue that a good Guardian must be â€Å"a philosopher in nature, spirited, swift, and strong† (Plato, 53). They must never turn against the city and must know whom to do violence to. Therefore, â€Å"[the Guardians] must be gentle to their own and cruel to enemies† (Plato, 52). To ensure that they will never turn against the city, Socrates believes that they must be educated morally â€Å"in speech† through the stories of the Gods and heroes (Plato, 54). Socrates argues that the tales should be supervised and modified if need be, in order to instill the idea that Gods can do no wrong. Only the stories that display bravery and dispel the fear of death should be taught to the Guardians. As a citizen, a Guardian must defend their city, make war together against any enemy of the city, and fight vigilantly for one another. While Plato believed that cities and state came into being because of mutual needs and social contracts, Aristotle thought otherwise. Aristotle views the polis, or city, as a political association or partnership. Aristotle opens The Politics by saying, â€Å"every city is some sort of partnership†, which â€Å"is constituted for the sake of some good.† According to Aristotle, the city must seek to achieve â€Å"the most authoritative good of all† (Aristotle, 35). He defines villages as collections of families. These different villages come together to create a good combination of both public and private life. This is a sharp criticism of the argument Plato makes in The Republic.  Aristotle goes on to argue that a city naturally â€Å"arises from [the union of] several villages† (Aristotle, 36). In saying this, he argues that a city exists by nature (Aristotle, 37). A city forms for the purpose of living well and directs itself toward the common good. One of Aristotle’s defining arguments is that â€Å"man is by nature a political animal† (Aristotle, 37). What Aristotle is arguing is that apart from the city there is no possible way for man to achieve the good life. Aristotle claims that what makes man different from other animals are that â€Å"man alone has speech† (Aristotle, 37). It is speech that makes possible the deliberation of politics and allows man to come up with the highest authoritative good. According to Aristotle, â€Å"speech serves to reveal the advantageous and the harmful, and hence also the just and the unjust† (Aristotle, 37). In Aristotle’s city, it is speech and deliberation that justice can be found. Aristotle believes that the law developed through deliberation is â€Å"a guarantor of just things† (Aristotle, 98). In order to define what he believes to be a citizen, Aristotle first argues things that do not imply citizenship: honorary citizenship, inhabiting a place, sharing in matters of justice, children, and the elderly (Aristotle, 86). He defines citizenship as â€Å"sharing in decision and in office† (Aristotle, 87). According to Aristotle, a citizen is one who takes part in the decisions that are being made. In Aristotle’s city, the citizen is â€Å"whoever is entitled to participate† (Aristotle, 87). To him, the most important aspect of citizenship is that they are the foundation upon which the city is built. He believes that citizens have a share in the regime and should take part in administrating justice. In general, â€Å"a citizen is defined as a person from parents who are both citizens† (Aristotle, 88). Aristotle believes that as constitutions change, citizenship changes as well. Thus, there is different criterion for being a good citizen and being a good man. According to Aristotle, a good citizen upholds and respects the constitution. He claims, â€Å"a good citizen should know and have the capacity both to be ruled and to rule† (Aristotle, 92). In the Republic, Socrates gives three waves that he believes are necessary to  achieve justice in an unhealthy city. The first wave states that there should be equality among men and women of the Guardian class. He writes that men and women of the Guardian class are to share â€Å"everything in common† (Plato, 130). This wave not only deals with equality, it also deals with merit. Despite the fact that men are typically stronger than women, women should be nurtured in the same way as men and educated in the same things. Even though it may seem â€Å"shameful and ridiculous†, women are to be trained in gymnastics together with men (Plato, 130). After establishing the need for equality among men and women, Socrates moves on to the second wave. The second wave, Socrates argues, is that women and children need to be held in common. He believes that â€Å"women are to belong to men in common† and that â€Å"no woman can live privately with any man† (Plato, 136). Socrates is trying to rid the unhealthy city of private life because he believes that justice is social. The Guardians must live as one single family in order to reduce factional conflict. In order for the Guardians to live as one single family, Socrates argues that not only are men and women to be held in common, their children are to be held in common as well. â€Å"A parent will neither know his own offspring, nor a child his parent† (Plato, 136). The goal of this is to, again, rid them of the jealousies and rivalries that accompany private families. Socrates believes that this will make certain greater social equality and increase the unity among the Guardian class. Because the Guardians share everything in common, there will no longer be any concept of private ownership. Thus, there will be harmony and unity within the city. The third, and final, wave Socrates discuses details who it is that he believes should rule in a just city. The third and final wave that Socrates believes is necessary for justice is that philosophers must be the rulers. After making this argument, Glaucon demands that Socrates defines what he means as a philosopher. Socrates believes that â€Å"the philosopher is a desirer of wisdom, not of one part and not another, but of all of it† (Plato, 155). The philosopher is a lover of wisdom and total knowledge. Because of this, Socrates argues that philosophers are the only people capable of having knowledge of everything all together; they are open-minded and constantly curious. To further his  argument about the philosopher, Socrates states that the philosopher is a lover of the truth; he has knowledge of what is real instead of simply believing in appearances. The first proposal that Socrates makes in The Republic makes sense to me. There should be equality among men and women, but they do not need to share everything is common. There needs to be a balance of both public and private life. It would not make sense to rid society of private life entirely. The second proposal that Socrates makes does not make much sense at all; it would not work if we wanted to enact a similar system in today’s society. It is not logical to think that children would be better people and that society would be a better place if children were taken from their mothers at birth and raised by wet nurses. People need the bond of a private family, it is from family that children learn to love and be loved. The philosophers-as-rulers proposal that Socrates discusses makes sense but it seems extremely unrealistic. A philosopher is the last person that would want to rule a city. Overall, these proposals would every facet of a city. The proposals that he makes are intended to be extreme and ironic. Plato is trying to push his readers in absurd directions in order to establish that justice will never be found. The healthy city in Plato’s The Republic gives the best definition of justice. The whole intention of creating this ideal city is to define what justice is. Essentially, in his ideal city, there is no injustice. Because Plato uses his ideal state to show how justice and injustice naturally arise in cities, it is much easier to grasp what justice is and how it comes into being. Because Plato creates the perfect government, he is able to give a clear definition of what justice is. Aristotle’s definition of distributive justice: giving equal things to equal people and unequal things to unequal people can be confusing. While the healthy city may give the best definition of justice, it does not provide the best model for politics. Though it may not be ideal, Aristotle’s ideal city provides the best model for politics. In Aristotle’s view politics is only a means to an end; that end being the maximum happiness of its citizens. Unlike Plato, who places the burden of  ruling solely in the Guardian class, Aristotle believes that everyone should take turn ruling and being ruled (Aristotle, 219). Aristotle argues that the purpose of politics and that city is to promote the good life for its people. He believes that the citizens of a state should agree about what is right and wrong, just and unjust. Plato believes that philosophers are the only people capable of knowing the truth. Aristotle gives a better argument that everyone is capable of knowing the truth. He believes that politics is responsible for educating men in what is right and wrong. Just as Aristotle argues, written law should have greater authority than the rulers. Thus, leading to justice. Both Plato and Aristotle make good arguments about political justice even though the two do not completely agree. By creating an ideal city, Plato clearly defines what justice is. On the other hand, by looking at existing cities, Aristotle gives a good model for politics. While their ideas about politics and justice were different, they both strived to find a better way of life for society and hoped to achieve political justice. Bibliography Aristotle, The Politics. Translated with an introduction by Carnes Lord. (Chicago, 1984). Plato (380 B.C.). Republic, translated by G. M. A. Grube, 2 nd ed., revised by C. D. C. Reeve, Indianapolis: Hackett (1992).